巴塞尔姆的短篇小说学校

⑴ 后现代派小说的国外作家

唐纳德·巴塞尔姆，美国后现代主义新一代之父，是战后最令人兴奋而杰出的创新作家之一。他一生出版过四部长篇小说，一百五十多篇短篇故事，以及几十篇文学评论。他是一位颇具奇妙创造力的作家，在小说中实验性尝试非线性的叙述和荒诞的写作手法。巴塞尔姆以及他同时代的作家对他们所见证的政治事件的真实性表示怀疑：詹森政府的混乱、尼克松政府的谎言、越南战争、水门事件、核武器的扩充等等所有的官方版本都遭到质疑。事实与虚构的混乱致使后现代主义以新的写作方式填平了由官方话语的分离而制造出的语言的鸿沟。巴塞尔姆的小说具有令人困惑的特点：片段叙述、陈词滥调的滥用和对社会和历史事件的宣告性模仿，让人觉得必须接受语言的局限性以及它的垃圾似的现状。在他的作品中时常以反讽的方式使用广告宣传语、街道俚语、流行歌曲歌词、插科打诨、工业以及军事行话和褪色的笑话，以此泄露他们秘密隐藏起来的意义。他那具有显著特征的小说似乎是拚贴而成的——把来自于美国文化中的冗长混乱的片段聚集在一起，粘贴起来。他曾说过，把互不相关的事物粘贴在一起，效果好的话，就能产生新的现实。

⑵ 对于唐纳德·巴塞尔姆的短篇小说《学校》(the School),你有什么反思或读后感

学校这部小说作为后现代主义的作品本来就没有固定的解释，在我看来可能是用荒诞的口吻表达一种对生命的温情与敬意。

学校剧情简介：

在一所学校，教师埃德加为了培养学生的责任感让他们去种橘子树、照料小动物，可是他们种的树和照管的小动物很快都死掉了，甚至连后来收养照料的孤儿Kim也夭折了。

孩子们大为不解，便问老师它们为什么会死？教师也颇为困惑，于是随便找了各种原因搪塞学生。可是学生并不满意老师的答案，继续追问，问那些小动物死后去了哪里？

是不是死亡给了生活意义？对于孩子们的问题埃德加难以应对，只是说是生命赋予了生活意义，于是孩子们便和老师继续争论。

作者简介：

唐纳德·巴塞尔姆Donald Barthelme（1931年4月7日—1989年7月23日）是美国后现代主义小说家，代表作是《巴塞尔姆的白雪公主》 。

他一生写了大量的短篇小说，并曾从事新闻记者、杂志编辑等工作，并曾在纽约城市大学任教。1972年获得美国国家图书奖。

⑶ 有什么英语短篇小说推荐

1. “A Good Man is Hard to Find,” Flannery O’Connor

Few short stories have stuck with us as much as this one, which is probably O'Connor's most famous work — and with good reason. The Misfit is one of the most alarming serial killers we've ever met, all the more so for his politeness, and the story’s moral is so striking and terrifying that — whether you subscribe to the religious undertones or not — a reader is likely to finish and begin to reexamine their entire existence. Or at least we did, the first time we read it.
《好人难寻》这篇小说是奥康纳最为著名的作品，很少有其他短篇小说能像这篇一样给我们带来震撼。无论你是否能明了宗教般的潜在含义，看完这篇小说读者都会开始或是结束对存在的检视。

2. “The School,” Donald Barthelme

This story is very short, but pretty much perfect in every way. Though Barthelme is known for his playful, post modern style, we admire him for his ability to shape a world so clearly from so few words, chosen expertly. Barthelme never over explains, never uses one syllable too many, but effortlessly leads the reader right where he wants her to be. It's funny, it's absurdist, it's sad, it's enormous even in its smallness. It may be this writer’s favorite story of all time. You should read it.
这篇小说很短，但是堪称完美。巴塞尔姆的优秀就在于他能用精选的极少几个文字就为我们叙述了一个世界。他很少过多地解释，就把读者带到了他想要你去地方。

3. “In The Penal Colony,” Franz Kafka

Kafka called this one his“dirty story,”and thought it imperfect, but it's one of our favorites of his (though we also recommend “The Hunger Artist”and“A Country Doctor”). It's so obviously a story about writing, in some ultimate way — a machine punishes its victims by writing on them over and over until their bodies give out — but its as if, while the body is the source of every problem in the tale, every weakness, it is also the only place where true knowledge can be translated.
卡夫卡称自己的这篇小说是一个“很脏的故事”，认为并不完美，但是这个短篇确实我们的最爱之一。在小说中，我们可以体会到，身体是一切问题和弱点的根源，但身体也是唯一能转化真知的地方。

4. “Signs and Symbols,”Vladimir Nabokov

Another short one, we revere this story for its ability to turn every tiny detail into a portentous disaster, not to mention the fact that it's penned in Nabokov's effortlessly gorgeous, silvery prose. An old Jewish couple goes to visit their son in the mental hospital, only to be turned away because he has attempted to kill himself. And that's it, really. They go home and look though a photo album, eat some jam. The phonerings. But the whole thing is, perhaps, both a comment on the nature of insanity and the nature of the short story itself, with all its rules and strangeness and banality. And all its symbols, of course.
我们喜欢这篇小说的原因就在于，这个故事有能力把每个细微的细节瞬间变为一场灾难，而Nabokov在写这篇小说用的是轻松华丽水银泻地般的散文风格。

5. “Gooseberries,” Anton Chekhov

Chekhov's stories are indisputably among the greats, and this one, written rather late, is one of our favorites. Chekhov probes at both the frailty and the worth of humanity, not to mention the natureof life, both for the fortunate and the unfortunate. But like most of Chekhov's stories, there's no clear moral, there's no obvious takeaway. Some men sit around and discuss their thoughts, and we listen, mulling over the subtleties for ourselves.
契科夫的小说无疑是最伟大的作品之一，而这篇是我们的最爱。这篇小说像他的其他小说一样，没有清晰的道德标准，我们只是静静地看着几个人围坐着，讨论他们的思想。

6. “Sea Oak,” George Saunders

“Sea Oak” is Saunders's favorite of his own stories, we've heard, so because we find it so hard to choose among them, we've included it here on his own recommendation. Absurdist and satirical, and including at least one zombie shouting at her housemates to get laid, it's a weird one. But it's also concerned with placelessness, with family, with poverty, and like all of Saunders's stories, has a good, thumping heart under all that darkness and fun-poking.

这部小说是桑德斯最为喜爱的一步短篇，这也是我们听说的。因为我们很难做出选择，因此就把他自己的推介放在了这里。这部小说充满了荒诞和讽刺，但是也关心家庭和贫穷等问题。像他的其他小说一样，在黑暗和取笑中，也暗含着美好和快乐。

7. “The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas,” Ursula K. LeGuin

LeGuin's parabolic tale, which won the Hugo Award for best short story in 1974, is a weird, spacious story about a city that seems to be a utopia — except for its one flaw, the single child that must always be kept in darkness and wretched misery so that the others may all live happily. Most of the citizens eventually accept this, but some do not, and silently leave the city, vanishing into the world around. Strange but pointed, Le Guin is a master of her genre.
勒古这部寓言般的短篇小说获得过1974年的“雨果奖”，是关于一个类似乌托邦的城市的荒诞又宏大的故事。

8. “The Veldt,” Ray Bradbury

This tale, from one of the greatest science fiction writers in history, is deliciously wicked. Though it was written in 1950, this kind of story — of children driven mad by want, of technology turning on its masters — will never get old. Until technology actually turns on us, that is. Then we probably won't want to hear about it.
布莱伯利作为历史上最富盛名的科幻小说家，这篇小说也是通过精心编写的。

9. “The Bear Came Over the Mountain,” Alice Munro

The undisputed queen of the short story, Alice Munro’s work is stark and often heartbreakingly raw, and this story of memory loss and the aching tenderness of human interaction is no different. Fun fact: this story was adapted into the film “Away from Her”, starring Julie Christie and Gordon Pinsent.

门罗是毫无争议的短篇小说女王，她的作品有一种朴实风格，常常带着心跳般的粗犷，这篇关于丧失记忆以及人类互动中的痛苦和柔弱的小说也不例外。

10. “The Nose,” Nikolai Gogol

Gogol might be the oldest writer on this list, but he’s also one of the weirdest — in a good way. Nabokov once wrote, “In Gogol…the absurd central character belongs to the absurd world around him but, pathetically and tragically, attempts to struggle out of it into the world of humans — and dies in despair.” What else can an absurd noseless man do, after all?
果戈里应该是这个书单上最久远的作家了，但是他也是最荒诞的小说家之一。纳博科夫曾近这样写道：“在果戈里的作品中，荒诞的人物属于他周围荒诞的世界，但是却可怜兮兮且悲惨地要逃离他的世界，最终死于绝望”。