巴塞爾姆的短篇小說學校

⑴ 後現代派小說的國外作家

唐納德·巴塞爾姆，美國後現代主義新一代之父，是戰後最令人興奮而傑出的創新作家之一。他一生出版過四部長篇小說，一百五十多篇短篇故事，以及幾十篇文學評論。他是一位頗具奇妙創造力的作家，在小說中實驗性嘗試非線性的敘述和荒誕的寫作手法。巴塞爾姆以及他同時代的作家對他們所見證的政治事件的真實性表示懷疑：詹森政府的混亂、尼克松政府的謊言、越南戰爭、水門事件、核武器的擴充等等所有的官方版本都遭到質疑。事實與虛構的混亂致使後現代主義以新的寫作方式填平了由官方話語的分離而製造出的語言的鴻溝。巴塞爾姆的小說具有令人困惑的特點：片段敘述、陳詞濫調的濫用和對社會和歷史事件的宣告性模仿，讓人覺得必須接受語言的局限性以及它的垃圾似的現狀。在他的作品中時常以反諷的方式使用廣告宣傳語、街道俚語、流行歌曲歌詞、插科打諢、工業以及軍事行話和褪色的笑話，以此泄露他們秘密隱藏起來的意義。他那具有顯著特徵的小說似乎是拚貼而成的——把來自於美國文化中的冗長混亂的片段聚集在一起，粘貼起來。他曾說過，把互不相關的事物粘貼在一起，效果好的話，就能產生新的現實。

⑵ 對於唐納德·巴塞爾姆的短篇小說《學校》(the School),你有什麼反思或讀後感

學校這部小說作為後現代主義的作品本來就沒有固定的解釋，在我看來可能是用荒誕的口吻表達一種對生命的溫情與敬意。

學校劇情簡介：

在一所學校，教師埃德加為了培養學生的責任感讓他們去種橘子樹、照料小動物，可是他們種的樹和照管的小動物很快都死掉了，甚至連後來收養照料的孤兒Kim也夭折了。

孩子們大為不解，便問老師它們為什麼會死？教師也頗為困惑，於是隨便找了各種原因搪塞學生。可是學生並不滿意老師的答案，繼續追問，問那些小動物死後去了哪裡？

是不是死亡給了生活意義？對於孩子們的問題埃德加難以應對，只是說是生命賦予了生活意義，於是孩子們便和老師繼續爭論。

作者簡介：

唐納德·巴塞爾姆Donald Barthelme（1931年4月7日—1989年7月23日）是美國後現代主義小說家，代表作是《巴塞爾姆的白雪公主》 。

他一生寫了大量的短篇小說，並曾從事新聞記者、雜志編輯等工作，並曾在紐約城市大學任教。1972年獲得美國國家圖書獎。

⑶ 有什麼英語短篇小說推薦

1. 「A Good Man is Hard to Find,」 Flannery O』Connor

Few short stories have stuck with us as much as this one, which is probably O'Connor's most famous work — and with good reason. The Misfit is one of the most alarming serial killers we've ever met, all the more so for his politeness, and the story』s moral is so striking and terrifying that — whether you subscribe to the religious undertones or not — a reader is likely to finish and begin to reexamine their entire existence. Or at least we did, the first time we read it.
《好人難尋》這篇小說是奧康納最為著名的作品，很少有其他短篇小說能像這篇一樣給我們帶來震撼。無論你是否能明了宗教般的潛在含義，看完這篇小說讀者都會開始或是結束對存在的檢視。

2. 「The School,」 Donald Barthelme

This story is very short, but pretty much perfect in every way. Though Barthelme is known for his playful, post modern style, we admire him for his ability to shape a world so clearly from so few words, chosen expertly. Barthelme never over explains, never uses one syllable too many, but effortlessly leads the reader right where he wants her to be. It's funny, it's absurdist, it's sad, it's enormous even in its smallness. It may be this writer』s favorite story of all time. You should read it.
這篇小說很短，但是堪稱完美。巴塞爾姆的優秀就在於他能用精選的極少幾個文字就為我們敘述了一個世界。他很少過多地解釋，就把讀者帶到了他想要你去地方。

3. 「In The Penal Colony,」 Franz Kafka

Kafka called this one his「dirty story,」and thought it imperfect, but it's one of our favorites of his (though we also recommend 「The Hunger Artist」and「A Country Doctor」). It's so obviously a story about writing, in some ultimate way — a machine punishes its victims by writing on them over and over until their bodies give out — but its as if, while the body is the source of every problem in the tale, every weakness, it is also the only place where true knowledge can be translated.
卡夫卡稱自己的這篇小說是一個「很臟的故事」，認為並不完美，但是這個短篇確實我們的最愛之一。在小說中，我們可以體會到，身體是一切問題和弱點的根源，但身體也是唯一能轉化真知的地方。

4. 「Signs and Symbols,」Vladimir Nabokov

Another short one, we revere this story for its ability to turn every tiny detail into a portentous disaster, not to mention the fact that it's penned in Nabokov's effortlessly gorgeous, silvery prose. An old Jewish couple goes to visit their son in the mental hospital, only to be turned away because he has attempted to kill himself. And that's it, really. They go home and look though a photo album, eat some jam. The phonerings. But the whole thing is, perhaps, both a comment on the nature of insanity and the nature of the short story itself, with all its rules and strangeness and banality. And all its symbols, of course.
我們喜歡這篇小說的原因就在於，這個故事有能力把每個細微的細節瞬間變為一場災難，而Nabokov在寫這篇小說用的是輕松華麗水銀瀉地般的散文風格。

5. 「Gooseberries,」 Anton Chekhov

Chekhov's stories are indisputably among the greats, and this one, written rather late, is one of our favorites. Chekhov probes at both the frailty and the worth of humanity, not to mention the natureof life, both for the fortunate and the unfortunate. But like most of Chekhov's stories, there's no clear moral, there's no obvious takeaway. Some men sit around and discuss their thoughts, and we listen, mulling over the subtleties for ourselves.
契科夫的小說無疑是最偉大的作品之一，而這篇是我們的最愛。這篇小說像他的其他小說一樣，沒有清晰的道德標准，我們只是靜靜地看著幾個人圍坐著，討論他們的思想。

6. 「Sea Oak,」 George Saunders

「Sea Oak」 is Saunders's favorite of his own stories, we've heard, so because we find it so hard to choose among them, we've included it here on his own recommendation. Absurdist and satirical, and including at least one zombie shouting at her housemates to get laid, it's a weird one. But it's also concerned with placelessness, with family, with poverty, and like all of Saunders's stories, has a good, thumping heart under all that darkness and fun-poking.

這部小說是桑德斯最為喜愛的一步短篇，這也是我們聽說的。因為我們很難做出選擇，因此就把他自己的推介放在了這里。這部小說充滿了荒誕和諷刺，但是也關心家庭和貧窮等問題。像他的其他小說一樣，在黑暗和取笑中，也暗含著美好和快樂。

7. 「The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas,」 Ursula K. LeGuin

LeGuin's parabolic tale, which won the Hugo Award for best short story in 1974, is a weird, spacious story about a city that seems to be a utopia — except for its one flaw, the single child that must always be kept in darkness and wretched misery so that the others may all live happily. Most of the citizens eventually accept this, but some do not, and silently leave the city, vanishing into the world around. Strange but pointed, Le Guin is a master of her genre.
勒古這部寓言般的短篇小說獲得過1974年的「雨果獎」，是關於一個類似烏托邦的城市的荒誕又宏大的故事。

8. 「The Veldt,」 Ray Bradbury

This tale, from one of the greatest science fiction writers in history, is deliciously wicked. Though it was written in 1950, this kind of story — of children driven mad by want, of technology turning on its masters — will never get old. Until technology actually turns on us, that is. Then we probably won't want to hear about it.
布萊伯利作為歷史上最富盛名的科幻小說家，這篇小說也是通過精心編寫的。

9. 「The Bear Came Over the Mountain,」 Alice Munro

The undisputed queen of the short story, Alice Munro』s work is stark and often heartbreakingly raw, and this story of memory loss and the aching tenderness of human interaction is no different. Fun fact: this story was adapted into the film 「Away from Her」, starring Julie Christie and Gordon Pinsent.

門羅是毫無爭議的短篇小說女王，她的作品有一種朴實風格，常常帶著心跳般的粗獷，這篇關於喪失記憶以及人類互動中的痛苦和柔弱的小說也不例外。

10. 「The Nose,」 Nikolai Gogol

Gogol might be the oldest writer on this list, but he』s also one of the weirdest — in a good way. Nabokov once wrote, 「In Gogol…the absurd central character belongs to the absurd world around him but, pathetically and tragically, attempts to struggle out of it into the world of humans — and dies in despair.」 What else can an absurd noseless man do, after all?
果戈里應該是這個書單上最久遠的作家了，但是他也是最荒誕的小說家之一。納博科夫曾近這樣寫道：「在果戈里的作品中，荒誕的人物屬於他周圍荒誕的世界，但是卻可憐兮兮且悲慘地要逃離他的世界，最終死於絕望」。