外国短篇小说阅读期末考试

1. 任何一篇英美短篇小说的英语论文

《呼啸山庄》人物关系结构

Title：
Catherine's dilemma between love and marriage in Wuthering Heights
——The Psychoanalysis of love triangle relationship with Freud’s theory of personality

Abstract：
Wuthering Heights tells a story of superhuman love and revenge enacted on the English moors. In this thesis, an attempt is made to analyze the love triangle relationship which leads to Catherine's dilemma between love and marriage in Wuthering Heights by virtue of Freud’s theory of personality.

Key words：
Wuthering Heights Freud’s theory of personality love triangle relationship

In Catherine's heart she knows what is right, but chooses what is wrong. It is her wrong decision that pushes her into the inextricable [LunWenJia.Com]dilemma between her love and marriage; it is her wrong choice that plunges the two families into chaos. In the mind, she is truly out of her way.

According to Sigmund Freud(1856—1939), the structure of the mind or personality consists three portions: the id, the ego, and the superego.“The id, which is the reservoir of biological impulses, constitutes the entire personality of the infant at birth. Its principle of operation, to guard the person from painful tension, is termed the pleasure principle. Inevitable frustrations of the id, together with what the child learns from his encounters with external reality, generate the ego, which is essentially a mechanism to minimize frustrations of the biological drives in the long run. It operates according to the reality principle … [LunWenNet.Com]The superego comprises the conscience, a partly conscious system of introjected moral inhibitions, and the ego-ideal, the source of the indivial's standards for his own behavior. Like external reality, from which it derives, the superego often presents obstacles to the satisfaction of biological drives.”“In the mentally healthy person, these three systems form a unified and harmon
ious organization. Conversely, when the three systems of personality are at odds with one another the person is said to be maladjusted.” Here Catherine's tragic psychological process may be well illustrated by Freudian psychoanalysis.

“I cannot express it; but surely you and everybody have a notion that there is, or should be, an existence of yours beyond you. What were the use of my creation, if I were entirely contained here？” Catherine's strange words reflect that the intelligent Emily Bronte had been earlier pondering over a same question in her work. What on earth is“the existence of Catherine's beyond Catherine”？

Here we may believe that Heathcliff stands for Catherine's instinctual nature and the strongest desire—her “id” in the depths of her soul; Edgar, her ideal “superego”, represents another part of her personality: the well-bred gracefulness and the superiority of a wealthy family; and she, herself is the “ego” tortured by the friction between the two in the disharmonious situation.

In the light of Freud's theory of personality, “the superego is the representation in the personality of the traditional values and ideals of society as they are handed down from parents to children.” Catherine's choice of Edgar as her husband is to satisfy her ideal “superego” to get wealth and high social position, which are the symbol of her class, on the basis of the ecation by her family and reality from her early childhood. She is a Miss of a noble family with a long history of about three hundred years. Only the marriage well-matched in social and economic status could be a satisfaction for all: her family, the society and even her practical self. “It would degrade me to many Heathcliff now ... if Heathcliff and I married, we should be beggars？” This is her actual worry for her future. Catherine yields to the pressure from her brother, and alike, in truth, she is yielding to the moral rules of society, without the approval and identification of which, she could not live a better life or even exist i
n it at all.

However, Catherine underestimates what her other more intrinsic self would have effect on her. The most remarkable claim by Catherine herself may be the best convincing evidence to distinguish the different roles of Heathcliff and Edgar—her “id” and her “superego”:

“My great miseries in this world have been Heathcliff's miseries, and I watched and felt each from the beginning: my great thought in living is himself. If all else perished, and he remained, I should still continue to be; and if all else perished, and he was annihilated, the universe would turn to a mighty stranger: I should not seem a part of it. My love for Linton is like foliage in the woods: time will change it. I'm well aware, as winter changes the trees. My love for Heathcliff resembles the eternal rocks beneath: a source of little visible delight, but necessary. Nelly, I'm Heathcliff! He's always, always in my mind: not as a pleasure and more than I am always a pleasure to me, but as my own being. So don't talk of our separation again: it is impracticable.”

It was a happy thought to make her love the kind, wealthy, weak, elegant Edgar, yet in submission to her superego to oppose against her id, she would fall into a loss of the self. Since the id is the most primitive basis of personality, and the ego is formed out of the id, Catherine's life depends wholly on Heathcliff， as the whole connotation and truth of her life in the cosmic world, for its existence and further more for the significance of her existence. Heathcliff is the most necessary part of her being. She marries Edgar, but Heathcliff still clutches her soul in his passionate embrace. Although she is a bit ashamed of her early playmate, she loves him with a passionate abandonment that sets culture, ecation, the world at defiance. Catherine's wrong choice for marriage violates her inner desires. The choice is a victory for self-inlgence—a sacrifice of primary to secondary things. And she pays for it.

On one hand, Catherine doesn't find the heavenly happiness she was longing for. Though as a girl “full of ambition”and “to be the greatest woman of the neighborhood” would be her pride, the enviable marriage could only flatter her vanity for a second. After her marriage, the comfortable and peaceful life in the Grange was just a monotonous and lifeless confinement of her soul. She feels chocked by the artificial and unnatural conditions in the closed Thrushcross Grange— a world in which the mind has hardened and become unalterable.“If I were in heaven, Nelly, I should be extremely miserable. ” Catherine eventually knows that the Lintons' heaven is not her ideal heaven. She and Heathcliff really possess their common heaven. Just as Catherine says,“Whatever our souls are made of, his and mine are the same; and Linton's is as different as a moonbeam from lightning, or frost from fire.”

Catherine doesn't want to live in the Lintons' heaven; on the other hand, she has lost her own paradise that she ever had with Heathcliff on the bare hard moor in their childhood. The deepest bent of her nature announces her destiny—a wanderer between the two worlds. When she is alive, she occupies a position midway between the two. She belongs in a sense to both and is constantly drawn first in Heathcliff's direction, then in Edgar's, and then in Heathcliff's again and at last she loses herself completely. Her childish illusion to use her husband's money to aid Heatllcliff to rise out of her brother's power has vanished in thin air. And her constant struggle to reconcile two irreconcilable ways of life is in vain too, which only caused more disorder in the two worlds and in herself as well.

In Freudian principles, should the ego continually fail in its task of satisfying the demands of the id, these three factors together—the painful repression of the id's instinctual desires, the guilt conscience of revolt against the superego's wishes, and the frustration of failure in finding outlets in the external world- would contribute to ever-increasing anxiety. The anxiety piles up and finally overwhelms the person. When this happens, the person is said to leave hallucinatory wish-fulfillment, then a nervous radical breakdown, and in the end may finish the person off. Catherine is destroyed into psychic fragmentation by the friction between the two. At the height of her Edgan-Heathcliff torment, Catherine lies delirious on the floor at the Grange. She dreams that she is back in her own old bed at Wuthering Heights “enclosed in the oak-paneled bed at home, and my heart ached with some great grief…my misery arose from the separation that Hindley had ordered between me and Heathcliff.”Still dreaming, she t
ries to push back the panels of the oak bed, only to find herself touching the table and the carpet at the Grange:“My late anguish was swallowed in a paroxysm of despair. I cannot say why I was so wildly wretched ... and my all in all, as Heathcliff was at that time, and been converted at a stroke into Mrs. Linton...the wife of a stranger: an exile, and outcast.” She attempts to forget the lengthy days of years of life without her soul even in her temporary derangement.“Most strangely, the whole last seven years of my life grew a blank! I did not recall that they had been at all.” Her mental and physical decay rapidly leads to the body's mortal end. She dies and seems to have none into perfect peace.

But even after her death, she is still a wandering ghost. In Chapter 3, Lockwood, the lodger in Catherine's oak-paneled bed at Wuthering Heights dreams about the little wailing ghost:

“The intense horror of nightmare came over me: I tried to draw back my arm, but the hand clung to it, and a most melancholy voice sobbed, ‘Let me in-Let me in’.‘ Who are you?’…‘Catherine Linton’, it replied, shiveringly…‘I'm come home: I'd lost my way on the moor!’…Terror made me cruel; and finding it useless to attempt shaking the creature off, I pulled its wrist on to the broken pane, and rubbed it to and fro till then blood ran down and soaked the bedclothes: still it wailed, ‘Let me in!’…it is twenty years, twenty years. I've been a waif for twenty years!”

Catherine aspires to be back in her heaven even being a spirit. But leer self-deceptive decision has made her fall from her and Heathcliff's heaven full of demonic love and her never docile or submissive nature has drawn her out of her and Edgar's heaven filled with civilized emptiness in the meantime. She pushes herself into her tragedy, the endless dilemma between her love and marriage, which won't end up with her death.

Bibliography：
1.Bronte Emily，Wuthering Heights，Beijing：Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press，London：Oxford University Press 1995
2.Freud Sigmund，Interpretation of Dreams，Beijing：Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press 2001
3.Travis Trysh，Heathcliff and Cathy，the Dysfunctional Couple，The Chronicle of Higher Ecation，Washington，2001
4.Steinitz Rebecca，Diaries and Displacement in Wuthering Heights，Studies in the Novel，Denton，2000

http://www.lunwennet.com/thesis/List_21.html 里面有你需要的英语论文，我载老一篇，不合适切看下嘛，呵呵！！！

2. 适合高中生阅读的外国文学作品（短篇）

推荐五篇深深打动过我的短篇小说，这些小说我视作第一流的短篇作品，但在80年代生人里，可能传播范围远不能与其成就相匹，信任我的人可以在闲暇时品酌一下。

《品质》 约翰·高尔斯华绥（John Galsworthy）1867—1933 1932年诺贝尔文学奖获得者 《品质》描写了一个诚恳、高尚、忠于技艺的鞋匠，他和哥哥只承做定货，不出售现成靴子，他从不登广告，用最好的皮革，“只有亲眼看过靴子灵魂的人才能做出那样的靴子”，他的技艺赢得了竞争对手由衷地尊敬。然就这样最出色的鞋匠，最后却饿死了。因为浮躁的社会里，人们对靴子世俗要求承载不了完成一件艺术品所需的时间，况且，他做的靴子不会坏，你不需要再去买第二次。
高尔斯华绥出生在英国的豪富家族里，父亲是伦敦声名显赫的大律师，就是这样的一位作者，在小说里对这位日耳曼鞋匠充满了深笃的感情，短短四五千言，没有什么华丽而感情强烈的词藻，但每一行都透着坚定而深情地敬意。

《沉重的时刻》 托马斯·曼（Thomas Mann）1875—1955 1929年诺贝尔文学奖获得者 《沉重的时刻》是为纪念席勒逝世一百周年而作。小说描写了席勒在创作中遇到困难而几乎丧失信心，但在心灵的感召下，又重新振作起来的过程。小说用细致深刻的内心描写，刻划了一个意志坚强、思想高尚的伟大灵魂。
我曾在札记本上从小说中摘抄了以下的文字，当自己为梦想而等待、失落、彷徨甚至想放弃的时候，看看它们，看看席勒那痛苦而深邃的灵魂，就会让我无比笃定。
“他是一个贫乏的人，一个流浪汉，一个厌世者，一个被压迫的、几乎没有人同情有人。但是他年轻，他还非常年轻！每一次不管他的腰弯得多么低，他的精神是高扬的。在长时间的痛苦之后，跟着来的是信心坚定，内心里充满了愉快的时候。这种时候不在来了，很难再来了……他失掉了对将来的信心，这信心就是他痛苦中的明星。事情就是这样子，这是一种绝望的真理：他认为是患难和考验的，痛苦和空洞的年代，实际上却是丰富而有收获的年代……”

《青鱼》 赫尔多尔·奇里扬·拉克司奈斯（Halldor Kiljan Laxness）1902—1998 1955年诺贝尔文学奖获得者 拉克司奈斯出生于雷克雅未克郊区的农民家庭，由于贫穷，从未上过学，也许这对于天才是幸事，未被标准化教育统一过的人，往往能写出极具个人风格的作品，一如我少年时的偶像，沈从文先生。《青鱼》是很特别的小说，自成一格，小说中抒情与批判、幽默与讽刺浑然一体，刚柔并济。小说表现了一个小渔村中极度贫困、蒙昧和麻木的人们，但看完并不觉得他们如鲁迅小说中蒙昧麻木的人们那般可鄙，相反，他们很可爱，老卡达在刮青鱼时近乎舍命的状态，挖掘出了人性中最原始的，未经修饰和美化的自我追求。

《纪念爱米丽的一朵玫瑰花》 威廉·福克纳（William Faulkner）1897—1962 1949年诺贝尔文学奖获得者 跟之前的三人比起来，福克纳在中国传播应该是更为广泛，我在很多人家里都见过他的《喧嚣与愤怒》，作为美国最重要的现代派小说家之一，他对现在这些流行文学的影响也远甚于批判现实主义时期的作家。一直以来，对福克纳的研究很盛，诞生出了如“约克纳帕塌法世系”这样听着令人眩晕的成果。我还是很喜欢《纪念爱米丽的一朵玫瑰花》的，喜欢其怪诞、妖异的气氛，喜欢其高超的叙事技巧，让读者一点一点地接近人物内心世界，最后急转直下，读者才得以窥见完整的人物形象。作为“约克纳帕塌法世系”的组成部分，《纪念爱米丽的一朵玫瑰花》很好的体现了福克纳的风格。

《墙》 让—保罗·萨特（Jean-Paul Sartre）1906—1980 1964年被授予诺贝尔文学奖，但萨特以“谢绝一切来自官方的荣誉”为理由拒绝 作为存在主义文学的代表作，《墙》的名气有些过于大了，这违背了我推荐一点“在80年代生人里，传播范围远不能与其成就相匹”的短篇小说，就像我没有选《老人与海》、《变型记》这样优秀，但路人皆知的短篇小说，或是被小资们重新推入畅销书榜的卡尔维诺和茨威格。但存在主义对我影响实在太大了，我很难克服自己绕开《墙》这部小说。
与之前四部不同的是，前面四部都着力塑造了极具特点、个性鲜明的小说人物，但这也正是萨特所反对的，他反对作品把人物典型化、集中化，认为作品塑造人物不应比现实来得更美或更丑，应该赤裸裸地把真实表现出来。《墙》里的反法西斯战士，生存或者死亡完全取决于偶然，他们并不高大，也不是英雄，只是一群“肮脏世界”里的“生存者”。我喜欢《墙》所表达的存在主义观点，存在先于本质，人不是预先规范好的，而是在行动中才形成的，“人是自己行动的结果，此外什么都不是”。

3. 一篇外国小说（短篇）名称，阅读理解

篇名：等着的轿车 体裁：小小说 作者：欧·亨利 黄昏来临了，身穿灰色衣服的姑娘又来到了小公园的那个安静的角落，坐在一张长椅子上开始读书。她的脸看起来很秀气，那件灰色衣服却是普普通通的。前一天也是这个时候来到这里，再前一天也是如此，有个小伙子知道这些情况。 这个小伙子慢慢地靠近她。就在这时，姑娘手中的书滑到了地上。小伙子顺势捡起书，有礼貌地递了过去，随便地讲了几句关于天气的寒暄话，就静静地站在一旁。 姑娘看了一眼小伙子简朴的衣着，一张并不引人注目的普普通通的脸。 “如果你愿意，就请坐吧。”她深沉地低声说，“光线太暗了，无法看书，我现在想聊聊天儿。” “你知道吗?”他说，“你是我一生中见到的最漂亮的姑娘。昨天我就见到你了。” “不论你是谁，”姑娘冷冰冰地说，“你得记住，我是一位小姐。” “实在冒昧，”小伙子说，“都是我的不是。你也不知道——我的意思是公园里有这么多的姑娘，你也知道——当然，你不知道，但是……” “换个话题谈谈吧。当然，我知道了。讲讲这些来往的游客吧，他们去哪儿?为什么那么匆忙?他们感到幸福吗?” 小伙子一时还没搞清， 自己究竟应扮演一个什么样的角色。 “我所以到这里来坐，只是因为我能接近这么众多的游客。我跟你讲话，是因为我想找一个天性善良的人，一个没有铜臭、不是唯利是图的人聊聊。你不知道我是多么厌恶钱哪——钱，钱，钱!我讨厌我周围的那些男人。我不喜欢自得其乐，看不上珍珠宝石，也懒得游山玩水。” “我可总是这么认为，”小伙子说，“钱是个好东西。” “当你有了成百万块钱，你就可以兜风、看戏、跳舞、赴宴。可我对这一切腻透了!”姑娘回答。 小伙子很有兴趣地看着姑娘。 他说：“我可很喜欢研究和探听富人们的生活。” “有时候，”姑娘继续说，“我想，如果我要恋爱的话，就要爱一个普通的小伙子。——你的职业是什么?” “我只不过是一个普普通通的人，但是我希望我能在这个世界上出人头地。你刚才说的当真是这个意思：你会爱上一个普普通通的人?” “当然啦!”她回答。 “我在饭店工作。”小伙子说。姑娘心里一惊，问道：“该不会是个跑堂儿的吧?” “我就是这个饭店的出纳员，你看见那里耀眼的有‘饭店’两字的霓虹灯招牌了吗?” 姑娘看了看手表，站起身来问：“你怎么不上班!” “我上夜班。”小伙子答道，“离上班时间还有一小时呢!我能再见到你吗?” “不知道，也许可以。我得马上走了。哦，今晚我要去赴宴，还有一个音乐会呢。你进来时，可能看到公园门口有一辆白色小轿车吧?” “是的，我看到了。”小伙子回答。 “我正是坐这辆车来的，司机正在等我呢，再见!” “现在天已黑了，”小伙子说，“这公园里坏人太多，要不要我送你上小轿车。” “你还是在长凳上坐十分钟再走吧。”说完，姑娘就朝着公园大门走去。小伙子盯着姑娘漂亮的身影，然后起身跟在她的后面。 姑娘走到公园大门口，转过头看了一眼那辆小轿车，就走了过去。她横穿马路，走进那个有耀眼的“饭店”两字的霓虹灯招牌的饭店。店里的出纳柜台上一个红头发姑娘看见她来了，就离开了座位，这位身穿灰色衣服的姑娘就接替了红头发姑娘的工作。 小伙子把手插进口袋，在街上慢慢地踱着。然后，他走近那辆轿车，钻了进去，对司机说：“去夜总会，亨利。”